Operation and Control in Power Systems

Operation and Control in Power Systems

S. R. Murty Book

Preference :

Power system engineering is a branch where practically all the results of modern control
theory can be applied. Such an application will result in economy, better quality of service and
the least inconvenience under abnormal situations, both anticipated and unforeseen.
Control system design, in general, for its analytical treatment, requires the determination
of a mathematical model from which the control strategy can be derived. While much of the
control theory postulates that a model of the system is available. It is also necessary to have a
suitable technique to determine the models for the process to be controlled. Thus, it is
required to model and identify power system components using both physical relationships
and experimental or normal operating data. The objective of system identification is the
determination of a mathematical model characterizing the operation of a system in some form.
The available information is either system outputs or some functions of outputs which may
contain measurement noise. The inputs may be known functions applied for the purpose of
identification, or unknown functions which it may be possible to monitor somehow, or a
combination of both.
The identified model may be in the form of differential equations, difference equations,
transfer functions, etc.
Even though all systems are nonlinear to some extent, the assumption of a linear model
leads to simpler models which can yield meaningful results with fairly good accuracy. A
system may be classified as stationary or non stationary. During the period of operation, when controls are implemented, the system is normally assumed to be stationary. The system equations
may be formulated either in the continuous mode or in the discrete mode. While measurements
and predicted values are available at discrete intervals, continuous representation is the most
familiar mode. Transformation from continuous to discrete formulation is a straight forward
process.

Content :

• Load Flow Analysis
• Economic Operation of Power Systems
• Optimal Load Flow
• Unit Commitment
• Load Frequency Control
• Control of Interconnected Systems
• Voltage and Reactive Power Control
• Introduction to Advanced Topics

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Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Second Edition

Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Second Edition

Duggal, S. K

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This book introduces and explains all aspects of earthquake-resistant design of structures. Designed as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of civil engineering, practising engineers and architects will also find the book equally useful. It has been assumed that the reader is well acquainted with structural analysis, structural dynamics, and structural design.
The design of earthquake-resistant structures is an art as well as science. It is necessary to have an understanding of the manner in which a structure absorbs the energy transmitted to it during an earthquake. The book provides a comprehensive coverage of the basic principles of earthquake-resistant design with special emphasis on the design of masonry, reinforced concrete, and steel buildings. The text is focussed on the design of structural and non-structural elements in
accordance with the BIS codes.
This book contains 11 chapters, which comprehensively discusses the design of earthquake-resistant structures. Starting with the elements of earthquake theory and seismic design, dynamics of structures and soils and their seismic response, the book goes on to elucidate the conceptualization and actualization of the design of earthquake-resistant structures. Detailed seismic analyses of different types of buildings, such as masonry, timber, reinforced concrete, and steel buildings, follow. Finally, a comprehensive discussion of the behaviour of non-structural elements under seismic forces and an analysis of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake are presented as concluding chapters.

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Content :

• 1. Earthquakes and Ground Motion 
• 2. Dynamics of Structures and Seismic Response 
• 3. Dynamics of Soils and Seismic Response 
• 4. Conceptual Design 
• 5. Code-based Analysis Method and Design Approaches 
• 6. Masonry Buildings 
• 7. Timber Buildings 
• 8. Reinforced Concrete Buildings 
• 9. Steel Buildings 
• 10. Non-structural Elements 
• 11. Bhuj Earthquake 2001: A Case Study

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Outboard Engines Maintenance Troubleshooting and Repair

Outboard Engines Maintenance Troubleshooting and Repair

Ed. Sherman

Preference :

Before you can fix a sick engine, you have to know what makes a healthy engine run. The principle is
pretty simple: A piston fits into each cylinder. When fuel explodes on top of the piston, the piston is forced to move in the only direction it can, down the cylinder. The piston, which is connected by a rod to a crankshaft, turns this downward motion into something more useful by rotating the crankshaft. The crankshaft, in turn, shoves the piston back up the cylinder for more
action. Your Engine’s Four Basic Needs All outboard engines must:
• Admit a mixture of fuel and air.
• Compress that mixture.
• Ignite the compressed mixture.
• Clear away the burned gases.

Remember those four needs: fuel, compression, ignition, and exhaust. They’ll come in handy when
you’re troubleshooting. And they’re valid for all kinds of internal combustion engines, two-strokes, and fourstrokes; gasoline engines and diesels. Two-stroke engines complete the full cycle of fuel
induction, compression, ignition, and exhaust with just two strokes of the piston in the cylinder, one up and one down. In four-stroke engines, the piston must travel up twice and down twice—four strokes in all—to complete the same cycle. The pay-off is that four-strokes are more efficient than two-strokes. Later, we’ll discuss in more depth the relative advantages of twostroke and four-stroke engines. Right now, what you need to know is that two-strokes are more powerful for their weight, so you get a lot of horsepower from a light engine. They’re also mechanically simpler.
But they are gas guzzlers and don’t particularly like slow running. Their greatest sin is that they burn their lubricating oil along with the gasoline. This causes so much exhaust pollution that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is forcing two-stroke outboard-engine manufacturers to reduce hydrocarbon emissions by 75 percent within the next 10 years. (You’ll find more information about that in Chapter 11.)
Four-stroke engines are heavier, and usually costlier because they need fuel-intake valves and exhaust valves. But they’re more economical to run than two-strokes—they get far better mileage. Significantly, they’re also much kinder to the environment. They don’t burn their lubricating oil, so they pollute much less.

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Content :

• The Basics: What Makes Your Engine Tick
• Breaking In a New Engine
• Routine Maintenance
• How to Find the Trouble
• Isolating Ignition System Problems
• The Charging and Starting Systems
• The Fuel and Lubrication Systems
• Servicing the Steering and Trim Systems
• The Cooling System, Lower Unit, and Propeller
• Dealing with Corrosion
• Brand-Specific Information

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Communication Protocol Engineering

Communication Protocol Engineering

Miroslav Popovic 

Preference :

Originally, the term protocol was related to the customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality, precedence, and etiquette. A protocol is actually the original draft, minutes, or record from which a document, especially a treaty, is prepared, e.g., an agreement between states. Today, in the
context of computer networks, the term protocol is interpreted as a set of rules governing the format of messages that are exchanged between computers. Sometimes, especially if we want to be more specific, we use the term communication protocol instead.
The title of this book, Communication Protocol Engineering , is used to emphasize the process of developing communication protocols. Like other engineering disciplines, communication protocol engineering typically
• Requirements and analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Test and verification
The process as described in this book is ideally the union of the UML (Unified Modeling Language)-driven unified development process (Booch et al., 1998), Cleanroom engineering (formal system design verification and statistical usage testing), and some elements of Agile programming (particularly unit testing based on JUnit). Of course, each organization should adapt and tune the process to its own needs and goals. For example, one organization may stick to the UML-driven unified development process, another may prefer Cleanroom engineering, yet another may use the combination of both, and so forth.

Communication Protocol Engineering

Content :

• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Chapter 2 Requirements and Analysis
• Chapter 3 Design
• Chapter 4 Implementation
• Chapter 5 Test and Verification
• Chapter 6 FSM Library

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Handbook of Electrical Design Details 2nd Edition

Handbook of Electrical Design Details 2nd Edition

Sclater, Traister

Preference :

This is the second edition of the Handbook of Electrical Design Details (HEDD), originally published in 1997. It is a well-illustrated reference book on electrical power and lighting—how it is generated, transmitted, distributed, and used. Considerable new information has been added in this edition but it is a smaller volume, making it more user-friendly and easier to keep on a desk or shelf. Among the topics new to this edition are computer-aided electrical drawing (CAD), basic switch and receptacle circuit wiring, outdoor low-voltage wiring, telephone and structured wiring, and electrical surge protection. This book begins with a discussion of electrical drawing and symbols and the importance of specifications in electrical projects. The chapters that follow cover power generation, transmission, and distribution. Design details of generators and transformers and their role in delivering electric power to consumers’ homes or buildings are included. Aerial and buried service entrances are explained and illustrated, as are main panels or load centers and the principles of earth grounding. Properties of wire and cable are presented, and the dimensions and the details of basic electrical wiring devices are described and illustrated. The rules for installing branch circuit wiring are given along with an example of a load calculation and the reasons for load balancing. Extensive coverage is given to lighting, lamps, and indoor and outdoor lighting design. Other chapters explain telephone and structured wiring, electric motors, emergency and standby electrical systems, and the essentials of surge protection. This edition of HEDD makes many references to the National Electrical Code® (NEC®)* on all topics governed by the code, such as wiring protection, wiring methods and materials, and standard equipment, where appropriate for reader guidance. In the chapters on wire, cable, and wiring devices, individual drawings represent whole classes of standard products such as switches, receptacles, and lamps, replacing the many repetitive catalog pages that appeared in the first edition. Each chapter begins with a content summary called “Contents at a Glance” and an Overview of the chapter. In addition, there are separate glossaries of technical terms at the ends of the chapters on transformers, electrical service entrance, wiring, lighting, motors, telecommunications, emergency and standby systems, and surge protection, for handy reference and quick memory refreshing. This second edition of HEDD has been written in an informal descriptive style, with minimal use of mathematics. The readers most likely to benefit from this book are electrical contractors, electricians, and instructors. Others who will find this volume helpful are those employed in the electrical industry in manufacturing, service.

Handbook of Electrical Design Details 2nd Edition

Content :

• Chapter 1 Planning for Electrical Design
• Chapter 2 Power Generation and Transmission
• Chapter 3 Power System Equipment
• Chapter 4 Substations and Electrical Distribution
• Chapter 5 Service Entrance, Loadcenters, and Grounding
• Chapter 6 Wire, Cable, and Circuit Components
• Chapter 7 Branch Circuit Design and Device Wiring
• Chapter 8 Lighting, Lamps, and Luminaires
• Chapter 9 Telephone, Multimedia, and Alarm Systems
• Chapter 10 Electric Motors and Starters
• Chapter 11 Emergency and Standby Systems
• Chapter 12 Electrical Surges and Surge Protection

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Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, Second Edition

Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, Second Edition

Richard Zurawski

Preference :

The first edition of the Industrial Communication Technology Handbook was published almost a decade
ago, in 2005. It gave a fairly comprehensive picture of the specialized communication networks used in
diverse application areas. Solutions and technologies proposed for and deployed in process automation
and on the factory floor dominated the volume. Not surprisingly, the late 1980s and the 1990s were
the years when a large number of frequently competing solutions and technologies were introduced by
major automation vendors and industry consortia. At the end of the 1990s, the Ethernet emerged as a
contender for real-time applications, including safety-critical ones—largely on the factory floor. The
Ethernet was also viewed as a potential solution for the vertical integration of functional layers of the
industrial automation architectures, as it enabled a seamless data/command flow between the factory
floor and upper layers. Another emerging area of research and development embarked upon at that time
by the control and automation industry sector was the use of commercial wireless technologies in the
automation of plants and on the factory floor.
But plant and factory automation were not the only application areas for specialized communication
networks. The automotive industry has been exploring from the mid-1980s the possibility of the use of
dedicated networks to automate different car functions and domains, aiming to replace mechanical or
hydraulic systems with electrical/electronic ones. Production models released from the beginning of the
1990s integrated a range of networks to support different car functions and domains.
Building automation and control (BAC) is aimed at reducing energy consumption. As early as the
mid-1990s, research and development activities commenced in Japan and in the United States to come
up with a system to control light and temperature (coupled, particularly close to window areas) in
office buildings to save energy and provide “personal comfort.” Due to the highly distributed nature of
the systems involved, using specialized communication networks was a necessity.
The use of specialized communication networks in avionics was a world of its own. At the time when
the first edition was published, any technical publications were seldom available to the broad engineering
profession. Most technical details were confined to technical reports, sometimes available for a
substantial fee.

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Content :

• Field Area and Control Networks
• Industrial Ethernet
• Fault-Tolerant Clock Synchronization in Industrial Automation Networks
• Accessing Factory Floor Data
• Safety Technologies in Industrial Networks and Network Security
• Wireless Industrial Networks
• Time-Triggered Communication
• Avionics and Aerospace
• Automotive Communication Technologies
• Building Automation
• Energy and Power Systems
• Communication Networks and Services in Railway Applications
• Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International
• Emerging Protocols and Technologies

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Handbook of Heat Transfer

Handbook of Heat Transfer

Warren Rohsenow, James Hartnett

Preference :

Heat is defined as energy transferred by virtue of a temperature difference. It flows from
regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature. It is customary to refer to different
types of heat transfer mechanisms as modes. The basic modes of heat transfer are conduction,
radiation, and convection.
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a body at a higher temperature to another
part of the same body at a lower temperature, or from one body at a higher temperature to
another body in physical contact with it at a lower temperature. The conduction process takes
place at the molecular level and involves the transfer of energy from the more energetic
molecules to those with a lower energy level. This can be easily visualized within gases, where
we note that the average kinetic energy of molecules in the higher-temperature regions is
greater than that of those in the lower-temperature regions. The more energetic molecules,
being in constant and random motion, periodically collide with molecules of a lower energy
level and exchange energy and momentum. In this manner there is a continuous transport
of energy from the high-temperature regions to those of lower temperature. In liquids the
molecules are more closely spaced than in gases, but the molecular energy exchange process
is qualitatively similar to that in gases. In solids that are nonconductors of electricity (dielectrics),
heat is conducted by lattice waves caused by atomic motion. In solids that are good conductors of electricity, this lattice vibration mechanism is only a small contribution to the
energy transfer process, the principal contribution being that due to the motion of free electrons,
which move in a similar way to molecules in a gas.

Handbook of Heat Transfer

Content :

• Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer
• Thermophysical Properties
• Conduction and Thermal Contact Resistances
• Natural Convection
• Forced Convection, Internal Flow in Ducts
• Forced Convection, External Flows
• Radiation
• Microscale Transport Phenomena
• Heat Transfer in Porous Media
• Nonnewtonian Fluids
• Techniques to Enhance Heat Transfer
• Heat Pipes
• Heat Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds
• Condensation

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