Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures has been the
cement and concrete industry’s primary reference on
concrete technology for over 85 years. Since the first
edition was published in the early 1920s, the U.S.
version has been updated 15 times to reflect advances
in concrete technology and to meet the growing needs
of architects, engineers, builders, concrete producers,
concrete technologists, instructors, and students.
This fully revised 15th edition was written to provide
a concise, current reference on concrete, including the
many advances that occurred since the last edition was
published in 2002. The text is backed by over 95 years
of research by the Portland Cement Association. It
reflects the latest information on standards, specifica-
tions, and test methods of ASTM International (ASTM),
the American Association of State Highway and Trans-
portation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Concrete Institute (ACI).
Besides presenting a 30% increase in new information
over the prior edition within the previous chapters,
this edition has added four new chapters on concrete
sustainability, reinforcement, properties of concrete, and durability.

The cement industry is the building block of the nation's
construction industry (Figure 1-3). Few construction
projects are viable without utilizing cement-based prod-
ucts geographically. U.S. cement production is widely
dispersed with the operation of 97 cement plants in 36
states. The top five companies collectively operate around
57% of U.S. clinker capacity with the largest company
representing around 15% of all domestic clinker capacity.
An estimated 80% of U.S. clinker capacity is owned by

companies headquartered outside of the U.S. (PCA 2010).

The majority of all cement shipments are sent to ready
mixed concrete producers (Figure 1-4) (PCA 2010). The
remainder are shipped to manufacturers of concrete
related products, contractors, materials dealers, oil well/
mining/drilling companies, as well as government entities.
The domestic cement industry is regional in nature. The
logistics of shipping cement limits distribution over long
distances. As a result, customers traditionally purchase
cement from local sources. About 97% of U.S. cement is
shipped to customers by truck (Figure 1-5). Barge and rail

account for the remaining distribution modes.

Concrete’s versatility, durability, sustainability, and
economy have made it the world’s most widely used
construction material. The term concrete refers to a
mixture of aggregates, usually sand, and either gravel or
crushed stone, held together by a binder of cementitious
paste. The paste is typically made up of portland cement
and water and may also contain supplementary
cementing materials (SCMs), such as fly ash or slag
cement, and chemical admixtures Understanding the basic fundamentals of concrete is
necessary to produce quality concrete. This publication
covers the materials used in concrete and the essentials
required to design and control concrete mixtures for a
wide variety of structures.

Reinforced concrete construction for high-rise buildings
provides inherent stiffness, mass, and ductility. Occupants
of concrete towers are less likely to perceive building
motions than occupants of comparable tall buildings with
non-concrete structural systems. A major economic con-
sideration in high-rise construction is reducing the floor to
floor height. Using a reinforced concrete flat plate system,
the floor to floor height can be minimized while still
providing high floor to ceiling heights. As a result, con-
crete has become the material of choice for many tall, slender towers.
The first reinforced concrete high-rise was the 16-story
Ingalls Building, completed in Cincinnati in 1903. Greater
building height became possible as concrete strength in-
creased. In the 1950s, 34 MPa (5000 psi) was considered
high strength; by 1990, two high-rise buildings were
constructed in Seattle using concrete with strengths of
up to 131 MPa (19,000 psi). Ultra-high-strength concrete
is now manufactured with strengths in excess of 150 MPa

(21,750 psi).

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Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations

Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations

Advances in foundation engineering have been rapid in recent years. Of note
are the maturity of the concepts of soil–structure interaction, the development
of computer codes to deal with advanced topics, the advent of new methods
for the support of structures, and the proliferation of technical publications
and conferences that present a variety of useful information on the design and
performance of foundations. This book takes advantage of these advances by
presenting methods of analysis while being careful to emphasize standard
methods such as site visits and the role of engineering geology.
The goals of the engineer in the design of foundations are to achieve a
system that will perform according to stipulated criteria, can be constructed
by established methods, is capable of being inspected, and can be built at a
reasonable cost.

Builders have realized the need for stable foundations since structures began
rising above the ground. Builders in the time of the Greeks and the Romans
certainly understood the need for an adequate foundation because many of
their structures have remained unyielding for centuries. Portions of Roman
aqueducts that carried water by gravity over large distances remain today. The
Romans used stone blocks to create arched structures many meters in height
that continue to stand without obvious settlement. The beautiful Pantheon,
with a dome that rises 142 ft above the floor, remains steady as a tribute to
builders in the time of Agrippa and Hadrian. The Colosseum in Rome, the
massive buildings at Baalbek, and the Parthenon in Athens are ancient structures
that would be unchanged today except for vandalism or possibly
earthquakes.

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Railway Geotechnics

Railway Geotechnics

Railway Geotechnics is written by four colleagues who studied at the
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in an academic program advised by
Professor Ernest T. Selig. Our collective time at the university spanned over
a decade, during which we were individually inspired by Professor Selig to
work on and further advance the subject of railway geotechnology, which
he pioneered and developed into a rigorous field of study. Since graduation,
the aggregate of our professional experience includes railway operations,
consulting, research, and education.
The field of railway geotechnology was in its infancy when we were in
our early careers. Because the engineering behavior of track substructure
was not well understood up to that point, perspectives on the causes and
cures of substructure instability were often informed by anecdote rather
than by verifiable fact. Mystique surrounded the subject in the absence of
critical thinking, often resulting in costly applications of remedial methods
that did not address the root causes of track substructure problems.

Advancing the field of railway geotechnology by the writing of this book
is a natural step for each of us in our careers. The book continues the work
Track Geotechnology and Substructure Management by Selig and Waters
(1994) and provides an update to this field of study so that current railway
engineers and managers have easier access to new and emerging best practices.

During years of writing and discussions, we each had moments that chal-
lenged some of our beliefs while we debated the merits of emerging tech-
nology and practices.The goal of this book is to provide a better understanding track substructure
in order to enable more effective design, construction, maintenance, and

management of railway track so as to ensure the vitality of rail transporta-
tion. We hope that this work will prove useful to current railway engineers

and managers as well as college students pursuing careers in the field of rail-
way engineering.

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FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

The purpose of this document is to give guidance for the design and construction of
foundations in Hong Kong. It is aimed at professionals and supervisory personnel involved
in the design and construction of foundations. The document has been prepared on the
assumption that the reader has some general knowledge of foundations.
Foundations can be classified as shallow and deep foundations, depending on the
depth of load-transfer from the structure to the ground. The definition of shallow foundations
varies in different publications. BS 8004 (BSI, 1986) adopts an arbitrary embedment depth
of 3 m as a way to define shallow foundations. In the context of this document, a shallow
foundation is taken as one in which the depth to the bottom of the foundation is less than or
equal to its least dimension (Terzaghi et al, 1996). Deep foundations usually refer to piles
installed at depths and are :

(a) pre-manufactured and inserted into the ground by driving,
jacking or other methods, or
(b) cast-in-place in a shaft formed in the ground by boring or
excavation.

A thorough understanding on the ground conditions of a site is a pre-requisite to the
success of a foundation project. The overall objective of a site investigation for foundation
design is to determine the site constraints, geological profile and the properties of the various
strata. The geological sequence can be established by sinking boreholes from which soil and
rock samples are retrieved for identification and testing. Insitu tests may also be carried out
to determine the mass properties of the ground. These investigation methods may be
supplemented by regional geological studies and geophysical tests where justified by the
scale and importance of the project, or the complexity of the ground conditions.

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ADVANCES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILDING MATERIALS

ADVANCES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILDING MATERIALS

The paper summarizes innovative methods adopted in Lingnan architecture which has expe-
rienced shifts from simplicity to exquisiteness, from formal implicitness to space construction, from simple

technology to green integration and also from aesthetic monotonousness to harmonious diversity; besides, the
paper points out some restrictions to Lingnan architectural thoughts, including overstress on practices and
neglect of theories, loss of cultural characters, and disconnection of talent inheritance; finally some solutions
are brought up for the future development of Lingnan architectural creation, including predictive protection for
Lingnan architectural works and reestablishment of academic traditions and a scientific platform.

With practical and innovative characters, modern

Lingnan architects brought up the architectural con-
cept of integrating modern architectures with regional

cultures quite early. Focusing on Lingnan culture,
they established the unique Lingnan architectural
school and have made enormous achievements. They
combine regional climates, cultures, and techniques,

develop green techniques for ventilation, thermal insu-
lation and moisture protection, and advocate design

concepts like “integrating western and Chinese cul-
tures” as well as “three views and two characteristics”.

A large number of boutique buildings have been cre-
ated since the development of Lingnan architecture

concept in the 1950s. Representative works include
White Swan Hotel in Guangzhou, which attracted
wide attention in China when it was built in the early
years, some national gold-medal-winning works like
the Museum of the Tomb of the Nanyue King, as
well as recent influential buildings like the extension

project for Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall.

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Principles of Structural Design Wood Steel and Concrete

Principles of Structural Design Wood Steel and Concrete

Buildings and other structures are classified based on the risk associated with unacceptable per-
formance of the structure, according to Table 1.1. The risk categories range from I to IV, where

category I represents buildings and other structures that pose no danger to human life in the event
of failure and category IV represents all essential facilities. Each structure is assigned the highest
applicable risk category. Assignment of more than one risk category to the same structure based on
use and loading conditions is permitted.
To safeguard public safety and welfare, towns and cities across the United States follow certain
codes for design and construction of buildings and other structures. Until recently, towns and cities
modeled their codes based on the following three regional codes, which are normally revised at
3-year intervals:
1. The Building Officials and Code Administrators National Building Code
2. The Uniform Building Code

3. The Standard Building Code

The book is appropriate for an academic program in architecture, construction management,
general engineering, and civil engineering, where the curriculum provides for a joint coursework in
wood, steel, and concrete design.
The book has four sections, expanded into 17 chapters. Section I, comprising Chapters 1
through 5, enables students to determine the various types and magnitude of loads that will be
acting on any structural element and the combination(s) of those loads that will control the design.
ASCE 7-10 has made major revisions to the provisions for wind loads. In Section I, the philosophy
of the load and resistance factor design and the unified approach to design are explained.
Wood design in Section II from Chapters 6 through 8 covers sawn lumber, glued laminated
timber, and structural composite or veneer lumber, which are finding increased application in wood
structures. The NDS 2012 has modified the format conversion factors and has also introduced some
new modification factors. First, the strength capacities in accordance with the NDS 2012 for tensile,

compression, and bending members are discussed and the basic designs of these members are per-
formed.

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Blueprint Reading Construction Drawings for the Building Trades

Blueprint Reading Construction Drawings for the Building Trades

In the construction industry the term blueprint generally refers to a composite of several plans, such as
the foundation plan, the floor plan, elevations, sections, mechanical plans and details, etc., that are assembled
into an organized set of drawings to transmit as much information about a project as can be
placed on paper in one- or two-dimensional views. The completed set of drawings represents a pictorial
description of a construction project prepared by the architect/designer and/or engineering consultant.
Blueprint reading is therefore basically finding and interpreting the information placed on prints. The
information is displayed in the form of lines, notes, symbols, and schedules. At first glance, there is a
welter of information that can appear intimidating. This innovative textbook clearly explains how blueprints
and construction drawings are used to implement the construction process. It offers a comprehensive
overview of construction drawing basics and covers standard construction sequence, including site
work, foundations, structural systems, and interior work and finishes. A typical set of blueprints for a
building project usually includes a number of drawing types in order to see the project to completion.
Users of blueprints must be able to interpret the information on the drawings and must also be able to
communicate that information to others.

This manual covers and explains the use of lines, dimensions, schedules, specifications, symbols,
code requirements, construction drawing types, and methods of drawing organization, including CADD.
Comprehensive in its coverage, this book provides updated information to reflect the most recent developments
in the construction industry, enabling readers to further improve their communication skills when
dealing with the technical information found in blueprint documents. This book introduces concepts essential
to a basic, introductory understanding of residential and light construction, while providing handson
experience in reading architectural working drawings. It is intended to serve as a valuable textbook
and reference manual for building trade professionals as well as students with a career or interest in architectural
drawing/design, residential design, construction, and contracting, and also those who are required
to read and interpret information found in blueprint documents.

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HANDBOOK OF WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

HANDBOOK OF WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

We may organize water treatment technologies into three general areas: Physical
Methods, Chemical Methods, and Energy Intensive Methods. Physical methods of
wastewater treatment represent a body of technologies that we refer largely to as
solid-liquid separations techniques, of which filtration plays a dominant role.
Filtration technology can be broken into two general categories - conventional and
non-conventional. This technology is an integral component of drinking water and
wastewater treatment applications. It is, however, but one unit process within a
modern water treatment plant scheme, whereby there are a multitude of equipment
and technology options to select from depending upon the ultimate goals of
treatment. To understand the role of filtration, it is important to make distinctions
not only with the other technologies employed in the cleaning and purification of
industrial and municipal waters, but also with the objectives of different unit
processes.

Chemical methods of treatment rely upon the chemical interactions of the
contaminants we wish to remove from water, and the application of chemicals that
either aid in the separation of contaminants from water, or assist in the destruction
or neutralization of harmful effects associated with contaminants. Chemical
treatment methods are applied both as stand-alone technologies, and as an integral
part of the treatment process with physical methods.
Among the energy intensive technologies, thermal methods have a dual role in
water treatment applications. They can be applied as a means of sterilization, thus
providing high quality drinking water, and/or these technologies can be applied to
the processing of the solid wastes or sludge, generated from water treatment
applications. In the latter cases, thermal methods can be applied in essentially the
same manner as they are applied to conditioning water, namely to sterilize sludge
contaminated with organic contaminants, and/or these technologies can be applied
to volume reduction.

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Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

This book has the following objectives:
1. T o explain the fundamentals of the subject from theory to practice in a logical way
2. T o be comprehensive an d mee t th e requirements o f undergraduate students
3. T o serve as a foundation course for graduate students pursuing advanced knowledge in the
subject
There are 21 chapters i n this book. The first chapter trace s the historical background o f the
subject and the second deals with the formation and mineralogical composition o f soils. Chapter 3
covers th e inde x properties an d classification of soil. Chapters 4 and 5 explain soi l permeability ,
seepage, an d th e effec t o f water on stress conditions in soil . Stresses developed i n soil due t o
imposed surface loads , compressibility and consolidation characteristics , and shear strength
characteristics o f soil are dealt with in Chapters 6,7 , and 8 respectively. The first eight chapters
develop th e necessary tools for computing compressibility an d strength characteristics o f soils.
Chapter 9 deals with methods for obtainig soil samples in the field for laboratory tests and for

constructed on an outcrop of sound rock, no foundation is required. Hence, in contrast to the
building itself which satisfies specific needs, appeals to the aesthetic sense, and fills its
matters with pride, the foundations merely serve as a remedy for the deficiencies of whatever
whimsical nature has provided for the support of the structure at the site which has been
selected. On account of the fact that there is no glory attached to the foundations, and that
the sources of success or failures are hidden deep in the ground, building foundations have
always been treated as step children; and their acts of revenge for the lack of attention can be
very embarrassing.
The comments mad e b y Terzagh i ar e ver y significan t an d shoul d b e take n not e o f by al l
practicing Architects an d Engineers. Architects or Engineers who do not wish to make use of the
growing knowledge of foundation design are not rendering true service t o their profession. Sinc e
substructures are as important as superstructures, persons wh o are well qualified in the design of
substructures shoul d alway s b e consulted an d the old proverb tha t a 'stitc h i n time save s nine '
should always be kept in mind.

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Introduction to Design for Civil Engineers

Introduction to Design for Civil Engineers

Our aim in writing this book is to bring out the broad issues affecting all design.
We have not attempted to provide prescriptions, formulae or recipes to solve
particular problems. These can all be found in codes, manuals and other books.
We have instead concentrated on the factors affecting design and the process
undertaken. Engineering education tends to be a compartmentalised learning of
different techniques. The main missing link is the appreciation of the purpose
behind these techniques, and the context of their application. We have tried to
illustrate the all-pervasive nature of design.

The book is particularly aimed at young engineers and undergraduates. We
hope that we have kindled their curiosity, so that students feel that their studies
are purposeful. We believe that this in turn will allow the students to derive more
from their curriculum. It is hoped that the book will enable them to appreciate the
bigger picture, and how many of the skills they had acquired in a disparate fashion
can be brought to play in a constructive manner.
The book has been a pleasure to write, and our hope is that it contributes to the
understanding of the creative activity that is design.

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Construction Materials 4th Edition

Construction Materials 4th Edition

The structure of materials can be described on
dimensional scales varying from the smallest, atomic
or molecular, through materials structural to the
largest, engineering. Figure 0.1 shows that there is
considerable overlap between these for the different
materials that we consider in this book.
The molecular level
This considers the material at the smallest scale, in
terms of atoms or molecules or aggregations of
molecules. It is very much the realm of materials
science, and a general introduction for all materials
is given in Part 1 of the book. The sizes of the
particles range from less than 10-10 to 10-2
m, clearly
an enormous range. Examples occurring in this book
include the crystal structure of metals, cellulose
molecules in timber, calcium silicate hydrates in hardened cement paste and the variety of polymers,
such as polyvinyl chloride, included in fibre
composites.

We conventionally think of a material as being either

a solid or a fluid. These states of matter are con-
veniently based on the response of the material to

an applied force. A solid will maintain its shape
under its own weight, and resist applied forces with
little deformation.1

An unconfined fluid will flow under
its own weight or applied force. Fluids can be divided

into liquids and gases; liquids are essentially incom-
pressible and maintain a fixed volume when placed

in a container, whereas gases are greatly compressible
and will also expand to fill the volume available.

Although these divisions of materials are often con-
venient, we must recognise that they are not distinct,

and some materials display mixed behaviour, such
as gels, which can vary from near solids to near
liquids.

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Handbook for Construction Planning and Scheduling

Handbook for Construction Planning and Scheduling

The aim of this handbook is therefore to present the key issues of planning and
scheduling in a clear, concise and practical way in a readily acceptable format
whereby individual chapters and sections can be accessed and read in isolation to

provide a guide to good practice. Our objective was to provide a text to accom-
pany learning, a reference document which, supported by web-based informa-
tion, would provide information on the background to planning and scheduling

together with guidance on best practice and practical methods for the application
of construction planning and scheduling on different types of construction work.
In addition to revisiting the basic elements of planning and scheduling, we have
included chapters on current topics that are demanding consideration by all those
within the construction industry. These include planning for sustainability, waste,
health and safety and Building Information Modelling (BIM).

The book is divided into four sections.
The first section looks at planning and scheduling within the construction
context. It provides both an outline of the evolution of planning and scheduling
and a review of the basics: who plans, when and why. We consider the overall
project cycle and then explore what the construction planner actually does and
how the form of procurement adopted by the client impacts both the type of
planning undertaken and when planning takes place. We complete the first section
by looking at different construction management schools of thought and how
these approaches influence how the managers of construction organisations plan,
monitor and control construction projects.

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CONCRETE FOR UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

CONCRETE FOR UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

Underground projects such as tunnels, shafts, and caves almost always incorporate concrete ele-
ments. The most significant use of concrete underground is as a lining that provides initial and/

or final ground support and, if needed, protection from corrosive environments. Initial and final

linings may be cast-in-place (CIP) concrete, precast concrete segments, shotcrete, or combina-
tions thereof. CIP concrete uses forms into which the concrete is placed and allowed to set until

it attains a specified strength and the forms can be removed. Precast concrete segments are man-
ufactured at a segment manufacturing plant and installed in the tunnel behind tunnel boring

machines (TBMs). Shotcrete is transported, similar to CIP concrete, to the point of application
before being sprayed directly onto the tunnel surface using a spray nozzle without the need for
formwork.

All three applications of concrete raise construction issues underground that differ from con-
siderations aboveground. The biggest differences arise from the confined nature of underground

construction, distance from point of delivery to point of placement, and the atmosphere or envi-
ronment underground. These issues will recur again and again as we discuss in later chapters the

construction and specification considerations related to each of the concrete applications.

Different methods of construction require different applications of concrete, whether exca-
vating in rock or soft ground and whether using drill-and-blast or mechanical methods of excavation.

Combinations of CIP concrete, shotcrete, and precast concrete segments are applied in almost all
underground excavations in either primary or secondary linings or in one-pass lining systems.

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Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

The aim of this book is to serve as an introduction to and an overview of the latest structural earthquake
engineering. The book deals with aspects of geology, engineering seismology and geotechnical
engineering that are of service to the earthquake structural engineering educator, practitioner and
researcher. It frames earthquake structural engineering within a framework of balance between ‘ Demand ’
and ‘ Supply ’ (requirements imposed on the system versus its available capacity for action and deformation
resistance).
In a system - integrated framework, referred to as ‘ From Source - to - Society ’ , where ‘ Source ’ describes
the focal mechanisms of earthquakes, and ‘ Society ’ describes the compendium of effects on complex
societal systems, this book presents information pertinent to the evaluation of actions and deformations
imposed by earthquakes on structural systems. It is therefore a ‘ Source - to - Structure ’ text.

Practising engineers with long and relatively modern experience in earthquake - resistant design in high -
seismicity regions will fi nd the book on the whole easy to read and rather basic. They may however
appreciate the presentation of fundamental response parameters and may fi nd their connection to the
structural and societal limit states refreshing and insightful. They may also benefi t from the modelling
notes of Chapter 4 , since use is made of concepts of fi nite element representation in a specifi cally
earthquake engineering context. Many experienced structural earthquake engineering practitioners will
fi nd Chapter 3 on input motion useful and practical. The chapter will aid them in selection of appropriate
characterization of ground shaking. The book as a whole, especially Chapters 3 and 4 is highly
recommended for practising engineers with limited or no experience in earthquake engineering.

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Testing of Concrete in Structures

Testing of Concrete in Structures

The principal aim of this book is to provide an overview of the subject for nonspecialist
engineers who are responsible for the planning of test programmes. The
scope is wide in order to cover comprehensively as many aspects as possible of
the testing of hardened concrete in structures. The tests, however, are treated in
sufficient depth to create a detailed awareness of procedures, scope and
limitations, and to enable meaningful discussions with specialists about specific
methods. Carefully selected references are also included for the benefit of those
who wish to study particular methods in greater detail. The information and data
contained in the book have been gathered from a wide variety of international
sources. In addition to established methods, new techniques which show potential
for future development are outlined, although in many cases the application of
these to concrete is still at an early stage and of limited practical value at present.

The engineer has complete and absolute authority as to whether concrete is
condemned or accepted. The problem of testing, and interpretation of the results,
will however be approached in a variety of ways—specifications, which will be
used as the basis for decisions, vary widely and in some cases may legally
empower the engineer to condemn concrete if the cubes fail, irrespective of the
condition or quality of the in-situ concrete.
Many factors can however vitiate cube results including variations due to failure to
observe the required standardized procedures for sampling, manufacture and curing
of the cubes. Further errors may also be introduced by the testing operative or
inaccuracies in the testing machine, although these should be checked by regular
comparative reference testing. Whilst testing of the in-situ concrete eliminates most of
these sources of error, specifications rarely mention in-situ strength and Codes of
Practice do not define the in-situ strength required.

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Construction Process Planning and Management

Civil Engineering Project Management

Traversing the design and construction process, even for an experienced hand, is
sometimes daunting. When dealing with unfamiliar terminology and professionals
in the fi eld of architecture, engineering, and construction, project owners may need
some guidance along the way and, at times, wish they had a relative in the building
business to provide them with some helpful tips.
That is the purpose of this book: to offer project owners who are new to the
design and construction process some fi rsthand experience from someone who has
been in this business for 40 years, and, for owners who have been involved with
many projects, perhaps shed some new light on problems they may have encountered
previously and wish to avoid in the future.

The practice of architecture is centuries old, but in this country the profession did
not become recognized until the mid-1800s as the Industrial Revolution unfolded.
Before that time, and in the decades that followed, carpenters and masons not only
built structures for their clients but served as quasi-designers as well. The era of the
Master Builder fl ourished in the early twentieth century; skilled contractors employing
crews of laborers, carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, and other trades offered
clients the benefi t of not only their construction experience but their ability to customize
past projects to fi t the new owner’s requirements.

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Bridge Engineering Seismic Design

Bridge Engineering Seismic Design

The Bridge Engineering Handbook is a unique, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art reference work and
resource book covering the major areas of bridge engineering with the theme “Bridge to the Twenty-First
Century”. It has been written with practicing bridge and structural engineers in mind. The ideal reader
will be an M.S.-level structural and bridge engineer with a need for a single reference source to keep
abreast of new developments and the state of the practice, as well as review standard practices.
The areas of bridge engineering include planning, analysis and design, construction, maintenance, and
rehabilitation. To provide engineers a well-organized and user-friendly, easy-to-follow resource, the
Handbook is divided into and printed in four volumes, I: Superstructure Design, II: Substructure Design,
III: Seismic Design, and IV: Construction and Maintenance.
Volume III: Seismic Design provides the geotechnical earthquake considerations, earthquake damage,
dynamic analysis and nonlinear analysis, design philosophies and performance-based design criteria,
seismic design of concrete and steel bridges, seismic isolation and energy dissipation, active control, soilstructure-
foundation interactions, and seismic retrofit technology and practice.

The Handbook stresses professional applications and practical solutions. Emphasis has been placed on
ready-to-use materials. It contains many formulas and tables that give immediate answers to questions arising
from practical works. It describes the basic concepts and assumptions, omitting the derivations of formulas
and theories. It covers traditional and new, innovative practices. An overview of the structure, organization,
and content of the book can be seen by examining the table of contents presented at the beginning of the
book, while an in-depth view of a particular subject can be seen by examining the individual table of contents
preceding each chapter. References at the end of each chapter can be consulted for more detailed studies.
The chapters have been written by many internationally known authors in different countries covering
bridge engineering practices, research, and development in North America, Europe, and Pacific Rim
countries. This Handbook may provide a glimpse of the rapid global economy trend in recent years toward
international outsourcing of practice and competition of all dimensions of engineering. In general, the
Handbook is aimed toward the needs of practicing engineers, but materials may be reorganized to
accommodate several bridge courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The book may also be
used as a survey of the practice of bridge engineering around the world.

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Estimating Building Costs

Estimating Building Costs

Estimating has taken on a new significance in today’s competitive
construction marketplace. If you consider new technology, the size in both
scope and dollar amounts of today’s construction projects, and the creative
delivery systems employed by today’s construction professionals, estimating
is perhaps the most important function of the successful construction
company. From the time a construction project is proposed, and throughout
its life, the estimate provides information that is critical to its success.
If you are a student of construction or pursuing a career as a construction
professional, you understand the need to create, organize, format, and
deliver an estimate for use in budgeting for a project, developing a plan or
detailed schedule, and managing the project. The estimate is essential to the
execution of all work and for maintaining project control.

Estimating Building Costs, second edition, explains the
fundamentals of the estimating process in a clear and concise format, which
will become an essential part of their work. Experienced estimators will find
the book useful for reviewing their own methods and enhancing their
expertise. Regardless of whether the “estimating staff” is a dedicated person
among a company’s many employees or the same individual who performs
the work, the principles are the same. The text is written in what is referred
to as general knowledge estimating practice, from the point of view of the
general contractor’s estimator, yet it is equally helpful as a foundation for
subcontractors’ estimators. The second edition has been reorganized to
reflect the new CSI MasterFormat 2010TM

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