Concrete Basements

Concrete Basements

Basements are common in many new developments, particularly in urban areas. The
reasons for constructing below ground include overcoming planning restrictions on
building height, providing car parking, residential, offi ce, retail and storage/archive
space, and accommodating plant rooms. Basements provide greater total fl oor area,
thus using land to greater effect.
Successful design requires an understanding of design, construction methods and the
resolution of many construction issues. Additionally, the design and construction of
basement structures requires an understanding of soil-structure interaction; a complex
subject in its own right.

The guide has been written for generalist structural engineers who have a basic
understanding of soil mechanics. It is assumed that a specialist geotechnical engineer
will be consulted on more complex ground problems. In such cases it will generally be
necessary to use the services of the specialist from the early stages of the project.
The economic benefi ts of basements are discussed in other publications[1]. Temporary
works are discussed, but their design is not specifi cally covered. Elements such as
embedded contiguous and secant piled walls, commonly used for temporary works and
often incorporated into permanent works, are covered in outline but their design is
outside the scope of this publication.
This guide does not cover seismic actions nor does it deal with retro-fi tting basements
into existing structures. Nor does it cover the use of precast walls, walls made using
insulating concrete formwork (ICF) or masonry walls, common in shallow domestic
basements, these are fully discussed elsewhere[2, 3, 4]. There are many examples of
basements constructed in the UK and beyond that provide a collection of case
histories. This guide brings together the salient features for design and construction
and references a number of documents that should be consulted for further detail.

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Shear Wall Design Manual ACI 318-14

Shear Wall Design Manual ACI 318-14

This manual describes the details of the shear wall design and stress check
algorithms used by the program when the user selects the ACI 318-14 design
code. The various notations used in this manual are described in Section 1.1.
The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user (Section
1.2). To facilitate the design process, the program provides a set of default load
combinations that should satisfy requirements for the design of most building
type structures.

The program performs the following design, check, or analysis procedures in
accordance with ACI 318-14 and IBC 2012 requirements:
 Design and check of concrete wall piers for flexural and axial loads (Chapter
2)
 Design of concrete wall piers for shear (Chapter 2)
 Consideration of the boundary element requirements for concrete wall piers
using an approach based on the requirements of the code (Chapter 2)
 Design of concrete shear wall spandrels for flexure (Chapter 3)
 Design of concrete wall spandrels for shear (Chapter 3)
The program provides detailed output data for Simplified pier section design,
Uniform pier section design/check, and Section Designer pier section

design/check (Chapter 4).

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Theory of Arched Structures

Theory of Arched Structures

In modern engineering, as a basis of construction, arches have a diverse range of
applications. Today the theory of arches has reached a level that is suitable for most
engineering applications. Many methods pertaining to arch analysis can be found in
scientific literature. However, most of this material is published in highly
specialized journals, obscure manuals, and inaccessible books. This is not
surprising, as the intensive development of arch theory, particularly stability and
vibration have mostly occurred in the 1940s to the 1960s. Therefore, most engineers
lack the opportunity to utilize these developments in their practice.
The author has committed to the goal of presenting a book which encompasses
essential and tested methods on fundamental methods of arch analysis and equally
important problems.

This book contains an introduction, four parts (nine chapters), and an appendix.
The first part “Strength” contains three chapters. Chapter 1 is devoted to
fundamental methods of determining displacement of elastic structures in general
accompanied by examples specifically for arches.
Chapter 2 covers the analysis of three-hinged arches, while analysis of redundant
arches is considered in Chap. 3; in these chapters a special attention is dedicated to
the analysis of arched structures using influence lines.
Second part “Stability” contains two chapters. Chapter 4 provides analytical
methods of the stability of arches. These methods are based on the integration of
differential equations.

Chapter 5 presents Smirnov’s matrix method and approximate method. Approx-
imate method is based on the approximation of the arch by straight members with

subsequent application of the precise displacement method in canonical form.

The third part, “Vibration” contains two chapters. Chapter 6 deals with compu-
tation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for arches. For analysis of the circular

uniform arch, Lamb’s differential equation is used; for analysis of parabolic
uniform arch the Rabinovich’s model is applied. The frequency of vibration for
arches with different ratio “rise/span” of an arch are presented on the basis of this
model.

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ACI DETAILING MANUAL 2004

ACI DETAILING MANUAL 2004

Structural drawings are those prepared by the A/E for the
owner or purchaser of engineering services. The structural
drawings and the project specifications form a part of the

contract documents. Structural drawings must contain an ad-
equate set of notes and all other essential information in a

form that can be quickly and correctly interpreted. These

drawings must convey definite instructions and show rein-
forcing bars and welded wire fabric. Structural and placing

drawings may be combined.’

The responsibility of the A/E is to furnish a clear statement
of design requirements to the detailer. The AIE’S project
specifications or structural drawings must not merely refer
the detailer to an applicable building code for information to

use in preparing the placing drawings. Instead, this informa-
tion shall be interpreted by the AE and shown in the form of

specific design details or notes for the detailer to follow.

Where omissions, ambiguities, or incompatibilities are dis-
covered, additional information, clarifications, or correc-
tions shall be requested by the detailer and provided by the

AIE. The A/E should require in the specifications that plac-
ing drawings be submitted for approval.

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Concrete Structures: Protection, Repair and Rehabilitation

Concrete Structures: Protection, Repair and Rehabilitation

Timetakes its toll on concrete structure, which creates a problem for the use of
concrete in a country’s infrastructure. Knowing the right principles and procedures

for the repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures is a critical element to fi nan-
cial success. Tearing down existing structures and rebuilding them from the ground

up can be cost prohibitive. Learning and perfecting the ways to make the most of
existing infrastructures are key elements when it comes to sustainable living and
safe living conditions.

Manypeople look at concrete and see nothing but, well, concrete. But the know-
ledgeable mind sees much more. Are there stress cracks in the surface? Were expan-
sion joints installed properly? Does the color of the concrete indicate a proper

curing time? Is the surface a slick, glasslike fi nish or a brushed fi nish? Is the material
fl aking away? Can existing fl aws be repaired in such a way to guarantee structural
integrity?
Mostpeople take concrete for granted. Yet, it is one of the strongest building
blocks of many bridges, highways, and other signifi cant infrastructure. Working with
a new installation of concrete is very different from repairing and rehabilitating
existing concrete structures. Both types of work have their rules of thumb and their
engineering elements. It often requires more experience to repair concrete than it
does to install it as new construction. This is what you will learn here.

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Finite Element Analysis

Finite Element Analysis

Finite Element Analysis was developed as a numerical method of stress analysis, but now it has been extended
as a general method of solution to many complex engineering and physical science problems. As it involves
lot of calculations, its growth is closely linked with the developments in computer technology. Now-a-days a
number of finite element analysis packages are available commercially and number of users is increasing. A
user without a basic course on finite element analysis may produce dangerous results. Hence now-a-days in
many M.Tech. programmes finite element analysis is a core subject and in undergraduate programmes many
universities offer it as an elective subject. The experience of the author in teaching this course to M.Tech
(Geotechnical Engineering) and M.Tech. (Industrial Structures) students at National Institute of Technology,
Karnataka, Surathkal (formerly, K.R.E.C. Surathkal) and to undergraduate students at SDM College of
Eingineering and Technology, Dharwad inspired him to write this book. This is intended as a text book to
students and as an introductory course to all users of finite element packages.

The author has developed the finite element concept, element properties and stiffness equations in first
nine chapters. In chapter X the various points to be remembered in discritization for producing best results is
presented. Isoparametric concept is developed and applications to simple structures like bars, trusses, beams
and rigid frames is explained thoroughly taking small problems for hand calculations. Application of this
method to complex problems like plates, shells and nonlinear analysis is introduced. Finally a list of
commercially available packages is given and the desirable features of such packages is presented.
The author hopes that the students and teachers will find it as a useful text book. The suggestions for
improvements are most welcome.

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Steel Structures Design and Practice

Steel Structures Design and Practice

Structural design emphasizes that the elements of a structure are to be proportioned
and joined together in such a way that they will be able to withstand all the loads
(load effects) that are likely to act on it during its service life, without excessive
deformation or collapse. Structural design is often considered as an art as well as
a science. It must balance theoretical analysis with practical considerations, such
as the degree of certainty of loads and forces, the actual behaviour of the structure
as distinguished from the idealized analytical and design model, the actual behaviour
of the material compared to the assumed elastic behaviour, and the actual properties
of materials used compared to the assumed ones.

Steel is one of the major construction materials used all over the world. It has
many advantages over other competing materials, such as high strength to weight
ratio, high ductility (hence its suitability for earthquake-resistant structures), and
uniformity. It is also agreen material in the sense that it is fully recyclable. Presently,
several grades and shapes of steel products exist.
Structural designers need to have a sound knowledge of structural steel behaviour,
including the material behaviour of steel, and the structural behaviour of individual
elements and of the complete structure. Unless structural engineers are abreast of
the recent developments and understand the relationships between the structural
behaviour and the design criteria implied by the rules of the design codes, they will
be following the coda1 rules rigidly and blindly and may even apply them incorrectly
in situations beyond their scope.

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MATERIALS FOR CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS

MATERIALS FOR CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS

A basic function of civil and construction engineering is to provide and maintain the
infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure includes buildings, water treatment
and distribution systems, waste water removal and processing, dams, and
highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and construction
engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the design,
construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists,
a basic understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of
materials, is a fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing
design, construction, and maintenance.

Material requirements in civil engineering and construction facilities are different
from material requirements in other engineering disciplines. Frequently, civil
engineering structures require tons of materials with relatively low replications of
specific designs. Generally, the materials used in civil engineering have relatively
low unit costs. In many cases, civil engineering structures are formed or fabricated
in the field under adverse conditions. Finally, many civil engineering structures are
directly exposed to detrimental effects of the environment.
The subject of engineering materials has advanced greatly in the last few decades.
As a result, many of the conventional materials have either been replaced by more efficient
materials or modified to improve their performance. Civil and construction engineers
have to be aware of these advances and be able to select the most cost-effective
material or use the appropriate modifier for the specific application at hand.

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MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE MEMBERS

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT IN  CONCRETE MEMBERS

The central topic discussed in the committee is that of the minimum reinforcement in concrete
members. The minimum amount of reinforcement is defined as that for which "peak load at first
concrete cracking" and "ultimate load after steel yielding" are equal. In this way, any brittle behaviour
is avoided as well as any localized failure, if the member is not over-reinforced. In other words, there is
a reinforcement percentage range, depending on the size-scale, within which the plastic limit analysis
may be applied with its static and kinematic theorems.

Lange-Kornbak and Karihaloo compare experimental observations with approximate nonlinear
fracture mechanics predictions of the ultimate capacity of three-point bend, singly-reinforced concrete
beams without shear reinforcement. The previous model, based on a zero crack opening condition and
a fracture toughness accounting for slow crack growth, appears to be in good agreement with the
observed failure mechanisms, although the test results indicate that a non-zero crack opening condition
would improve the prediction, especially for lightly reinforced beams.
Ruiz, Elices and Planas introduce the so-called effective slip-length model, where the concrete
fracture is described as a cohesive crack and the effect of reinforcement bond-slip is incorporated.
Although the beams considered are of reduced size, the properties of the microconcrete were selected
so that the behaviour observed is representative of beams of ordinary size made of ordinary concrete.

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200 Questions and Answers on Practical Civil Engineering Works

200 Questions and Answers on Practical Civil Engineering Works

This book is intended primarily to arouse the interests of graduate engineers, assistant
engineers and engineers in the technical aspect of civil engineering works. The content of
the book mainly focuses on providing the reasons of adoption of the various current
practices of civil engineering. By understanding the underlying principles of engineering
practices, graduate engineers/assistant engineers/engineers may develop an interest in civil
engineering works. It is also intended that the book will serve as a useful source of
reference for practicing engineers.

During prestressing operation at one end, frictional losses will occur and the prestressing
force decreases along the length of tendon until reaching the other end. These frictional
losses include the friction induced due to a change of curvature of tendon duct and also the
wobble effect due to deviation of duct alignment from the centerline. Therefore, the
prestress force in the mid-span or at the other end will be greatly reduced in case the
frictional loss is high. Consequently, prestressing, from both ends for a single span i.e.
prestressing one-half of total tendons at one end and the remaining half at the other end is
carried out to enable a even distribution and to provide symmetry of prestress force along
the structure.

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Theory and Practice of Pile Foundations

Theory and Practice of Pile Foundations

Piles, as a popular foundation type, are frequently used to transfer super-
structure load into subsoil and stiff-bearing layer and to transfer impact of

surcharge owing to soil movement and/or lateral force into underlying lay-
ers. They are installed to cater for vertical, lateral, and/or torsional loading

to certain specified capacity and deformation criteria without compromis-
ing structural integrity. They are conventionally made of steel, concrete,

timber, and synthetic materials

We attempt to devise design methods that require fewer parameters
but resolve more problems. This has yielded a systematic approach to

model pile response in the context of load transfer models. This is sum-
marized in this book of 13 chapters. Chapter 1 presents an overview

of estimating soil shear modulus and strength using the conventional

standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests. Chapter 2 pro-
vides a succinct summary of typical methods for estimating bearing

capacity (including negative skin friction) of single piles and pile groups.

Chapter 3 recaptures pile–soil interaction models under vertical, lat-
eral, or torsional loading. Chapters 4 and 5 model the response of verti-
cally loaded piles under static and cyclic loading and time-dependent

behavior, respectively. The model is developed to estimate settlement
of large pile groups in Chapter 6. A variational approach is employed
to deduce an elastic model of lateral piles in Chapter 7, incorporating

typical base and head constraints. Plastic yield between pile and soil (pu-
based model) is subsequently introduced to the elastic model to capture

a nonlinear response of rigid (Chapter 8) and flexible piles (Chapter 9)

under static or cyclic loading. Plastic yield (hinge) of pile itself is fur-
ther incorporated into the model in Chapter 10.

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BUILDING STRUCTURES

BUILDING STRUCTURES

This book covers the topic of structures for buildings in a broad scope and from multiple
points of view. The primary purpose is to provide a reference for study for persons with
limited experience in the field and with interest in the general problems of design of
buildings. Presentations in the book are intended to be accessible to persons with limited
backgrounds in mathematics, science, and engineering.
The materials in this book are developed to serve two primary needs of readers. The
first is that of a text for study for courses within a collegiate program in building design.
The second is that of a study reference for preparation to take the exam for architectural
registration (ARE), as currently prepared by the National Conference of Architectural
Registration Boards (NCARB).

Because of the broad scope of the book, it is unlikely that its content can be covered in
a single course of instruction in a typical college-level term of 12–14 weeks. This depends,
however, on the type of course work. Traditional development of courses with example
computations for structural elements and systems requires considerable time if a range of
structural materials and types of structural elements are to be treated. If the purpose of
the study is limited to a general acquisition of understanding of basic concepts, issues,
and design problems—with no involvement in structural computations—more of the book
topics can be covered in a shorter time. The latter form of study may be undertaken in a
collegiate program and is the general case for those preparing for the ARE. A guide for
course instructors with suggestions for course organization and operation is provided on the
publisher’s website.

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Engineering Surveying Sixth Edition

Engineering Surveying Sixth Edition

The subject of engineering surveying continues to develop at a rapid pace and this has been reflected
in the many and substantial changes that have been made in updating and revising the previous edition.
The authors have taken the opportunity to examine in detail all the previous material making both minor
and major changes throughout. As always, decisions have to be made as to what should be retained that
is still current and relevant and to identify the material that needs to be cut to make way for new text to
describe the emerging technologies.
The subject of survey control is now treated in much greater depth. The chapter on traditional methods
still in current practice is followed by a whole new chapter on rigorous methods of control, that is, the
application of the technique of least squares in the determination of coordinates and their quality. This
topic was dropped from the fifth edition of this book but now reappears in a completely rewritten chapter
which reflects modern software applications of a technique that underlies much of satellite positioning and
inertial navigation as well as rigorous survey control.

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Satellite positioning brings up to date the many advances that have been made in the development of
GPS and its applications, as well as looking to the changes now taking place with GLONASS and the
European GALILEO systems.
The chapter on underground surveying includes an enlarged section on gyrotheodolites which reflects
new techniques that have been developed and the application of automation in modern instrumentation.
The final chapter on mass data methods brings together substantial sections on simple applications of
photogrammetry with the revolutionary new technology of laser scanning by aerial and terrestrial means.

Inertial technology, once seen as an emerging standalone surveying technology, now reappears in a com-
pletely new guise as part of aircraft positioning and orientation systems used to aid the control of aerial

photogrammetry and laser scanners.

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Structural and Stress Analysis

Structural and Stress Analysis

considered is the role of analysis in the design process and methods of idealizing struc-
tures so that they become amenable to analysis. In Chapter 2 the necessary principles

of statics are discussed and applied directly to the calculation of support reactions.
Chapters 3–6 are concerned with the determination of internal force distributions in
statically determinate beams, trusses, cables and arches, while in Chapter 7 stress
and strain are discussed and stress–strain relationships established. The relationships
between the elastic constants are then derived and the concept of strain energy in axial
tension and compression introduced.

This is then applied to the determination of the
effects of impact loads, the calculation of displacements in axially loaded members

and the deflection of a simple truss. Subsequently, some simple statically indetermi-
nate systems are analysed and the compatibility of displacement condition introduced.

Finally, expressions for the stresses in thin-walled pressure vessels are derived. The

properties of the different materials used in civil engineering are investigated in Chap-
ter 8 together with an introduction to the phenomena of strain-hardening, creep and

relaxation and fatigue; a table of the properties of the more common civil engineering

materials is given at the end of the chapter. Chapters 9, 10 and 11 are respectively con-
cerned with the stresses produced by the bending, shear and torsion of beams while

Chapter 12 investigates composite beams.

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Fundamentals of Structural Engineering

Fundamentals of Structural Engineering

Structural engineers have two major responsibilities during the design process.
First, they must synthesize the structural system, i.e., select the geometry and the
type of structural members that make up the structure. Second, they must size the
members such that the structure can comfortably support the design loading.
Creating a structural concept requires a deep knowledge of structural behavior.
Sizing the members requires information about the internal forces resulting from
the loading. These data are acquired through intelligent application of analysis
methods, mainly computer-based methods.

We have organized this text into three parts. Parts I and II are intended to provide

the student with the necessary computational tools and also to develop an under-
standing of structural behavior by covering analysis methodologies, ranging from

traditional classical methods through computer-based methods, for skeletal type
structures, i.e., structures composed of one-dimensional slender members. Part I
deals with statically determinate structures; statically indeterminate structures are
covered in Part II. Certain classical methods which we consider redundant have
been omitted. Some approximate methods which are useful for estimating the
response using hand computations have been included. Part III is devoted to
structural engineering issues for a range of structures frequently encountered in
practice. Emphasis is placed on structural idealization; how one identifies critical
loading patterns; and how one generates the extreme values of design variables
corresponding to a combination of gravity, live, wind, earthquake loading, and
support settlement using computer software systems.

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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Highway Engineering is intended as a text for undergraduate students on
degree and diploma courses in civil engineering. It does, however, touch on
topics which may be of interest to surveyors and transport planners. The book
does not see itself as a substitute for courses in these subject areas, rather it
demonstrates their relevance to highway engineering.
The book must be focused on its primary readership – first and foremost it
must provide an essential text for those wishing to work in the area, covering
all the necessary basic foundation material needed for practitioners at the entry
level to industry. In order to maximise its effectiveness, however, it must also
address the requirements of additional categories of student: those wishing to
familiarise themselves with the area but intending to pursue another speciality
after graduation and graduate students requiring necessary theoretical detail in
certain crucial areas.

The aim of the text is to cover the basic theory and practice in sufficient depth
to promote basic understanding while also ensuring as wide a coverage as possible
of all topics deemed essential to students and trainee practitioners. The
text seeks to place the topic in context by introducing the economic, political,
social and administrative dimensions of the subject. In line with its main task,
it covers central topics such as geometric, junction and pavement design while
ensuring an adequate grasp of theoretical concepts such as traffic analysis and
economic appraisal.

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ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER SYSTEMS

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER SYSTEMS

With the development over the past decade of computer-based analysis
methods, the teaching of structural analysis subjects has been revolutionized.
The traditional division between structural analysis and structural mechanics

became no longer necessary, and instead of teaching a preponderance of solu-
tion details it is now possible to focus on the underlying theory.

What has been done here is to integrate analysis and mechanics in a sys-
tematic presentation which includes the mechanics of a member, the matrix

formulation of the equations for a system of members, and solution techniques.

The three fundamental steps in formulating a problem in solid mechanics—.
enforcing equilibrium, relating deformations and displacements, and relating
forces and deformations—form the basis of the development, and the central

theme is to establish the equations for each step and then discuss how the com-
plete set of equations is solved. In this way, a reader obtains a more unified

view of a problem, sees more clearly where the various simplifying assumptions

are introduced, and is better prepared to extend the theory

The chapters of Part I contain the relevant topics for an essential back-
ground in linear algebra, differential and matrix transformations.
Collecting this material in the first part of the book is convenient for the con-
tinuity of the mathematics presentation as well as for the continuity in the
following development.

Part II treats the analysis of an ideal truss. The governing equations for
small strain but arbitrary displacement are established and then cast into
matrix form. Next, we deduce the principles of virtual displacements and
virtual forces by manipulating the governing equations, introduce a criterion
for evaluating the stability of an equilibrium position, and interpret the gov-
erning equations as stationary requirements for certain variational principles.
These concepts are essential for an appreciation of the solution schemes de-

scribed in the following two chapters.

Part III is concerned with the behavior of an isolated member. For com-
pleteness, first are presented the governing equations for a deformable elastic
solid allowing for arbitrary displacements, the continuous form of the princi-
ples of virtual displacements and virtual forces, and the stability criterion.
Unrestrained torsion-flexure of a prismatic member is examined in detail and
then an approximate engineering theory is developed. We move on to re-
strained torsion-flexure of a prismatic member, discussing various approaches

for including warping restraint and illustrating its influence for thin-walled
open and closed sections. The concluding chapters treat the behavior of

planar and arbitrary curved members.

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Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges

Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges

The nonlinear static monotonic analysis, or pushover analysis, has become a com-
mon procedure in current structural engineering practice (ATC-40, 1996; FEMA-

273, 1997; FEMA-356, 2000). The American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide Specifications for load and resistance fac-
tors design (LRFD) Seismic Bridge Design explicitly require pushover analysis for

seismic design category D (SDC D) bridges. The 2006 FHWA Seismic Retrofitting
Manual for Highway Structures: Part I—Bridges (FHWA, 2006) adopted pushover
analysis in evaluation method D2 for bridges of seismic retrofit categories C and D
(SRC C and SRC D) to assess bridge seismic performance.

The highway bridge design code in the United States has evolved several times over
the past 70 years. The first highway bridge design code was published in 1931 by the
American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), later by the AASHTO.
From 1931 through 1940, AASHO codes did not address seismic design. The 1941
edition of the AASHO code required that bridges be designed for earthquake
load; however, it did not specify how to estimate that load. In 1943, the California
Department of Transportation (Caltrans) developed various levels of equivalent
static lateral forces for the seismic design of bridges with different foundation types,
with individual members designed using the working stress design (WSD) method

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Basic Civil Engineering

Basic Civil Engineering

All engineering students should know basic civil engineering since they need interaction with civil
engineers in their routine works. Hence all important aspects of civil engineering are taught as
elements of civil engineering in all over the world. It covers entire syllabus on Basic Civil
Engineering. The author has tried to make it students friendly by providing neat sketches and
illustrations with practical problems, wherever necessary. Author hopes that students and faculty
will receive this book whole-heartedly. Corrections, if any and suggestions for improvement are
welcome.

CONTENT 
TRADITIONAL MATERIALS
MORTARS
CONCRETE
METALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS
MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING PLANNING
FOUNDATIONS
SUPER STRUCTURES
DAMPNESS AND ITS PREVENTION
COST EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 

IN MASS HOUSING SCHEMES
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
INDIAN STANDARD CODES

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